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The process of loading operating system in the computer main memory as soon as the computer is switched on is termed as booting. It exists in two forms: cold booting and warm booting. Cold/Hard booting refers to the start up of a computer from a power-down, or, off, state. Warm/Soft booting refers to restarting a computer that is already turned on that puts it to its initial-state. A warm boot is sometimes necessary when program encounter an error from which it can’t recover. On PCs you can perform a warm boot by pressing control Alt, and, delete keys simuteleausy, or, by, pressing the restart button.

  Word Processor - A word processor is a computer application used for the production that includes composition, editing, formatting, and printing of any sort of printable material. Presentation Tool – It is a computer software package used to display information includes three major functions an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images and a slide show system to display the content. Spreadsheet Package : It refers to a computer application that simulates a paper accounting worksheet. It displays multiple cells usually in a two dime national matrix or grid consisting alphanumeric text numeric values or formulas. Spreadsheet is frequently used for financial information because of their ability to re calculate the entire sheet automatically after a change to a single cell is made. Database Management System : It represents software packaged with computer program that contract the creation maintence and the use...

Antivirus : Utilities that scan for computer viruses and supposed to remove those from the secondary storage device. File Management : These provide a convenient method of performing routine data management tasks, such as deleting, renaming, cataloging, uncataloging, moving, copying, merging, generating and modifying data sets, tent editor suet, debugging tools. Screen Saves : These applications were made with the desire to prevent phoshorburn –in on CRT and plasma computer monitors moving image or patterns when the computer is not in use. Compression Tools : these utilities can Trans patently compress/uncompress the contents disk, increasing the capacity the disk. Disk management tools Disk Cleanup : These utilities can find files that are unnecessary to computer operation, or take up considerable amounts of space disks cleaner helps the user to decide what to delete when their hard disk is to delete when their hard disk is full. Disk Defragmenter : These can detect com...

To communicate with the computer user also needs to have a language. Low level language: - Low level computer languages are machine codes or close or close to it. It can only understand and execute instructions given in the form of machine language i.e. language of 0 and 1. There are two types of low level language. 1) Machine language: machine language is basically the only language which computer can understand. Its machine code which is represented inside the computer by a 0 and 1. The symbol 0 stands for the absence of electric pulse and 1 for the presence of an electric pulse. Advantage: It makes fast and efficient use of the computer. It require no translate the code i.e. directly understood by the computer. Disadvantages: All operation codes have to be remembered. All memory address have to be remembered. It is hard to a or find error in a program written in the machine language. These language are machine dependent. 2) Assembly language : It operation co...

The computer translator these instructions into the machine language with the help of language translator. Assembler : An assembler transfers the symbolic codes of programs of an assembly language into machine language instructions. The symbolic language is translated to the machine code in the ratio of one is to one symbolic instruction to one machine code instructions. Compiler : Complier are the translators which translate all the instruction of the program into machine codes which be used again and again. The program which is to be translated is called the sources program and after translation the object code is generated. Interpreter : Interpreter reads the program line by line. Differences between compiler and interpreter: Compiler Interpreter Compiler takes entire program as output. Interpreter takes single instruction as input. Intermediate object code is generated. No intermediate object code is generated. ...

An operating system (OS) is an integrated set of programs that is used to manage the various resources and over all operation of computer system. It is desingned to support the activites of a computer installation. Its prime objective is to improve the performance and efficiency facility. An operating system is responsible for the smooth and efficient operation of the entire computer. Functions Processor management that is assignment of processor to different tasks being performed by the computer system. Memory management that is allocation of main memory and other storage areas to the system programs as well as user programs and data. Input\Output management that in co-ordinates and assignment of the different input and output devices while one or more program is being executed. File management that is storage of files a various storage device to another it allows all files to be easily changed and modified through the use of text editors or some other file multiplication routin...

Firmware is software that is embedded in a piece of hardware for example a optical drivers a network card, a router or a scanner all have software that is programmed into special memory contained in the hardware itself. Low Level Firmware: - This is found in ROM OTP/PROM and PLA structures. Low level firmware is often read only memory and cannot be changed or updated. It is sometimes referred to as hardware. High Level Firmware : This is used in flash memory for updates that is often considered as software. Subsystem: These have this own fixed microcode embedded in flash chips. CPU and LCD units. A subsystem is usually considered part of the hard ware device as well as high level firmware.

Software can be defined as a  set of computer instruction or a type of data. any data which are stored electronically with the storage devices and display devices can be called as software. Types of software:- System software: - Helps in execution of computer hardware and computer system itself system software includes operating system device drivers. Diagnostic tools and more system software are mostly pre installed on your computer. Examples are devices drivers, operating system, servers, utilities, window system etc. Application software : allows users to accomplish one or more tasks includes word processing web browsing and almost any other task for which you might install software. (Some application software are pre installed on most computer systems). Examples are accounting software office suites data bases media players’ web browser etc. Programming software: It includes compiles be buggies interpret linker’s text editor etc.

BCD: The binary coded decimal code is based on the idea of converting each digit of a decimal number into its binary equivalent. In 6-bit BCD code the four BCD numeric place positions retained but two additional zone positions are added. All decimal digits are represented in BCD by 4 bits. EBCDIC : Extended binary coded decimal inter change code. EBDIC is an -8 bit group it can be easily divided into two 4 bit group. The added 2 bits are used as additional zonal bits expending the zone to 4 bits. is possible to represent 256(28) different characters. ASCIT :   American standard code for information interchange. It is popular in data communications is used to represent data internally in microcomputers and is frequently found in larger computers. It is of two types. ASCIT-7 : 7Bit code, 128 different characters, first 3 bits zone bits, last 4 bits indicate the digit. ASCIT-8 : 8Bit code, 256 different characters the additional bits added to the zone bits. Positive verse ...

This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than main memory. These are used for storing data/information permanently. CPU directly does not access these memories. Instead they are accessed via input routines. Content of secondary memories are first transferred to main memory and then CPU can access it. For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD.   Hard disk :- A hard drive fits inside a computer case and is firmly attached with the use of braces and screws to prevent it from being jarred as it spins. Typically is spins at 5,400 at 15,000 RPM. Advantages: Large storage capacity. Stares and retrieves data much faster than a floppy disk or CD-ROM. Data is not lost when you switch off the computer.    Usually fixed inside the computer so cannot get mislaid. Cheap on a cost per megabyte compared to other storage media. Hard disk can be replaced and upgraded as necessary. Can have two hard disk in machine one can act as a mirror of the other ...

Bit: Binary digits i.e. 0 and 1’s one denotes. “ON” and zero denotes “OFF” every binary digit is called a bit. Has the base 2. A bit is the smallest unit of storage in computer. Nibble : It is a combination of 4 bits i.e. ½ byte. Byte : A group of eight bits. It is equivalent to one character. The memory in computer is measured m terms of bytes. Word : A word is group of bits that is read by computer at a time. It may be of size of 8,16, 32 or 64 bits. It represent data or instructions. Bit 0 and 1 (Binary digits) 1 Byte = 1 character (8 bits) 1 Nibble = 4 Bits 1 Kilo Byte = 1024 Bytes (2 Byte) 1 Mega Byte = 1024 KB (2 byte) 1 Giga Byte = 1024 MB (2 byte) 1 TERA Byte = 1024 GB (2 byte) 1 PETA Byte = 1024 TB (2 byte) Character : Character can be an alphabet digit or a special symbol. Field : any of the units of storage that are grouped together from a recessed. Example: Name. Record : A group of logically related field treated as a unit. File : A collectio...

It is area with in computer where computer store data in a form of chip. The chip is costly but allows the storage space dynamically. It is composed of a number of locations, each of which a unique address and is capable of storing specified number of bits, such a byte or a word. It is read write memory allowing random access. The storage capacity of main memory varies among computers the memory is classified as. Primary memory The CPU access the memory directly without the help of any other device. The primary memory used on a computer is on the motherboard. Ram (random access memory) :- It can read data from the memory and to write new data into memory. Easily and rapidly. These are done through the use of electric signals. Ram requires a constants power supply. Static Ram: A Ram that retains stores data as long as power is supplied. Dynamic ram: It requires periodic charge refreshing to maintain data storage. ROM (Read Only Memory): - A types of memory chip that can be r...

Memory :  This is the area used by the processor to sore raw data and instruction. Microprocessor :  This is the CPU, which is the main component in a computer that does all the processing work of the data fed into computer. It contains three units viz, Memory Unit (Internal called as registers). Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). Control Unit Memory unit : it holds the data and set of instruction given by the programmer. After execution of the instruction the results are stored in the memory. These may be used for subsequent computation or sent to the output unit. Control unit : it is the nervous system of the computer. It controls all arithmetic operation to be performed. This unit co-ordinates the activities of all other units in the system. It has two main functions. They are: To control the transfer of data and information between various units. To indicate appropriate function by the arithmetic unit. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) : This unit does arithmetic...

 Any peripheral that receives or displays output from a computer are known as Output Device. The outputs which we get from computer are two types: 1) Softcopy Output, 2) Hardcopy Output Softcopy output After processing the data when we get result as a display on the screen or as voice then these types of result are known as softcopy. After that data are stored by the storage devices.                                             Monitor : Monitor commonly called as visual display unit is the main output device of a computer. If forms image from tiny dots called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of the pixels. Hardcopy output when outputs are printers or plotters then this kind of output or result are known as hard copy...

Online input devices Online input devices are used in real time processing. In real time processing the input data are processed immediately. Dumb terminal : these types of devices include one key board and one display unit. They cannot store any kind of information and cannot process any data. Intelligent terminal : as the name implies these type of input devices store the system data and can process them. Voice recognition device : recognize the voice. Touch tone terminal : by this device user can interact with system through touch of the monitor of the system. There are many options available on the screen. User can choose then only by single touch. These types of devices are used in ATM machine, railway stations, mobile etc. Mouse : Mouse is most popular pointing device. It is very famous cursor control device. It is a small palm size box with a round ball at its base which senses the movement of mouse and sends corresponding signals to CPU on pressing the buttons. G...

Computers can be classified according to size as: Super Computer. Mainframe Computer. Mini Computer. Micro Computer. Super Computer : - The fasted and most powerful type of super computer are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amount of mathematical calculations for example, weather forecasting requires super computer. Mainframe Computer : - A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundred or even thousand that starts with a simple microprocessor at the bottom and moves to super computers at the top mainframe are because they support more simultaneous program but super computer can execute a single program faster than a mainframe. Mini Computer : - A midsized computer. In size and power, mini computers lie between workstations and mainframes. In the past decade, the distinction between has blurred, however as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstations. Micro computer or personal co...

Analog computer : - An analog computer must be able to accept inputs which vary with respect to time and directly apply these inputs to various devices. Used for -   Measuring temperature pressure etc. Communication. Broadcast transmission. Examples - Automobile speedometer, voltmeter etc. Digital computer : -They represent information discretely and use a binary (two step0 system that represents each piece of information as a series of zeroes and ones.   Used for – Mathematical calculations. Compare values. Storing the results. Examples – Digital watch. Hybrid computer : -These are machines that can work as both analog and digital computers.                     Examples – STD\PCO0 phone, where one communicate with a person using analog computer and the rate as charges and pulse rate is measured in forms of digit. Measuring heart beat or ECG system in ICU...

  When a computer performs a task. It store data in the memory. The data that is stored in the memory is internally represented in the form of 0s and 1s each 0 or 1 is called a byte. The following explain the various term used to measure storage or memory capacity. Bit : - A bit is the smallest unit of information that a computer handles. A single bit can hold only one of two single bit can hold only one of two values, 0 and 1. One of the two values is always present. A single bit conveys little meaningful information. However, you can obtain more meaningful information by combing consecutive bits into larger using units. Byte : - A byte is combination of eight bits arranged in a particular sequence each sequence represent a single character, symbol, digit or letter. A byte forms the basic units that is used to measure the storage capacity of storage devices. Kilobyte : - A kilobyte is equal to 1,024 bytes. most of the user data stored in a computer, such as simple e-mail mes...

  USB A USB (universal serial bus) part is a standard cable connection interface available on personal computers and some other electronic devices for data stand alone electronic devices to be connected with the help of cables to a computer (or to each other). USB ports can also supply electronic power across the cable to devices without their own. Pins – 4 Standard – institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) standard in 1990. Fire wire Fire wire E parts are forms of a serial port that make use of fire wire E port has the ability to interact with a number of different devices. A fire wire port can provide can ideal way to connect a scanner and digital camera to a computer system as the data transfer is relatively faster than on USB and also results in excellent quality. Pins – 4,6,9 Standard – institute of electrical and electrical electronics engineers (IEEE) standard in 1994. Ethernet port Ethernet port used to connect computer and other devic...